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Thus, an improved understanding of the factors controlling RSA could enable the breeding of crop cultivars that are suitable to the different stress conditions caused by global climate change ( 10). Another unique root system is soil-surface roots (SOR), which may enable upland plants to adapt to waterlogging, by allowing them to obtain oxygen from the air ( 9). Typically, a deep RSA is beneficial for enhancing drought avoidance, whereas a shallow RSA facilitates the acquisition of phosphorus (P) in P-deficient soils. Nonetheless, RSA is recognized as an important trait that, if understood, could be improved to allow plants to adapt to a range of soil environments, such as those experiencing deficiencies or excesses of water and/or nutrients ( 7, 8). Root system architecture (RSA), however, has not experienced the same level of improvement due to the difficult nature of phenotyping the below-ground part of the plants and the limited genetic information available to breeders.
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In rice, several additional genes associated with its above-ground architecture, such as Tiller Angle Control 1 ( TAC1), which controls tiller angle, and Ideal Plant Architecture 1 ( IPA1), which regulates tiller number ( 4– 6), have also been identified.
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The “Green Revolution,” which began in the 1950s, resulted in new, high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice due to the introduction of dwarfing genes into traditional, tall varieties: Reduced height ( Rht) in wheat and semidwarf1 ( sd1) in rice ( 3). The optimization of plant architecture has also been one of the most effective ways to improve crop productivity. Optimized plant architecture, both above and below ground, is required for plants to adapt to different environments ( 1, 2). Our findings suggest that DRO1 homologs are valuable targets for RSA breeding and could lead to improved rice production in environments characterized by abiotic stress. In saline paddies, near-isogenic lines carrying the qSOR1 loss-of-function allele had soil-surface roots (SOR) that enabled rice to avoid the reducing stresses of saline soils, resulting in increased yields compared to the parental cultivars without SOR. Introgression lines with combinations of gain-of-function and loss-of-function alleles in qSOR1 and DRO1 demonstrated four different RSAs (ultra-shallow, shallow, intermediate, and deep rooting), suggesting that natural alleles of the DRO1 homologs could be utilized to control RSA variations in rice. CRISPR-Cas9 assays revealed that other DRO1 homologs were also involved in RGA. qSOR1 was found to be a homolog of DRO1 ( DEEPER ROOTING 1), which is known to control RGA. qSOR1 is negatively regulated by auxin, predominantly expressed in root columella cells, and involved in the gravitropic responses of roots. Here, we have demonstrated, through the cloning and characterization of qSOR1 ( quantitative trait locus for SOIL SURFACE ROOTING 1), that a shallower root growth angle (RGA) could enhance rice yields in saline paddies. Salinity is a growing problem worldwide that negatively impacts on crop productivity, and it is believed that yields could be improved if RSAs that enabled plants to avoid saline conditions were identified. You may have to export to your EndNote client version (desktop) and transfer to the web later.The root system architecture (RSA) of crops can affect their production, particularly in abiotic stress conditions, such as with drought, waterlogging, and salinity.
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